Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commercials - Essay Example In any case, it is additionally significant for sponsors to utilize therapists who learn about what might make shoppers tick. For example, the principal items to turn out in the market generally set the name of their organization to be perceived for those specific items. Toothpastes for instance are frequently connected with Colgate on the grounds that it was the first to have mass created it. Individuals for a considerable length of time adhered to Colgate toothpastes as a result of the idea that pioneers are the best based from their experience and ability. Today, be that as it may, such beliefs are decreasing endlessly. Along these lines, the cutting edge therapists of sponsors need to realize what has changed in the consumers’ principles in purchasing items. Taking our model prior, Colgate toothpaste makers didn't stop to where they began yet once again the years, improved their items. Because of this need to improve and keep up a decent nature of items that would be serio us in the market, Colgate likewise utilizes scientists who change the items to address the issues of contemporary clients. The cutting edge purchasers are presently increasingly educated and careful. Along these lines, commercials are made to interest their rationale and data. Colgate for example, has an assortment of toothpastes that take into account the various needs of the buyers.

E-Commerce Business Technology Society

Question: Talk about the E-Commerce for Business Technology Society. Answer: Presentation Electronic business has taken a noteworthy pace in the molding of the worldwide economy. The financial business has comprehensively embraced e-business and constantly tried to extend its contribution in online business. Most banks utilize the business to buyer (B2C) sites in connecting about the entirety of their clients in various areas (Sohani, 2009). The purpose behind picking the financial area is that with the acquaintance of innovation with lead business, it has significantly affected banks working in the economy. The financial business has generally embraced B2C e-plan of action to expand the piece of the pie and offer quality types of assistance to clients. This conversation depends on the Australian financial division where the utilization of web based business have empowered the banks to improve and enhance fantastic client the board techniques just as serving clients better through the advancement of new items and administrations as favored by the clients. The National Australia Bank, Westpac, and Commonwealth Bank, all situated in Australia give e-business administrations to their customers through B2C model. The URL for National Australia Bank is, (https://www.nab.com.au/), Westpac URL is, (https://www.westpac.com.au/), and the site for Commonwealth Bank is, (https://www.commbank.com.au/individual/online-banking.html). The reason for this exposition is to depict and think about the manners in which the sites of these three banks address the 7Cs of e-plans of action. Portrayal and Comparison of the Companies Websites Organizations sites assume a noteworthy job towards business achievement. The financial division utilizes destinations to achieve different showcasing systems of new proposals by the organizations in the market to help business development (Laudon Traver, 2008). These three Australian Banks utilize open sites as expressed above in concentrating on the advertising, deals and client assistance exchanges with the end client utilizing the B2C model to address the 7Cs of showcasing. Content Identity The site of National Australian Bank (NAB), https://www.nab.com.au/, address the 7Cs of the client interface. The substance of the webpage has delightful movements and realistic structures that cause clients to feel great and increase enthusiasm for executing on the web business with the bank (Laudon Traver, 2008). For Westpac, the URL, https://www.westpac.com.au/, utilizes the component of HTTPS and this makes it a lot simpler for clients to visit the organization's site. Route Between Sites Customization is vital to the achievement of e-business. Federation bank's site is, https://www.commbank.com.au/individual/online-banking.html permits the clients to customize the webpage. In contrast to the networks for NAB and Westpac, this site empower clients to customize Hi5 and MySpace where simple route into the organization's social locales is unimaginable. Download The URL, https://www.westpac.com.au/, of Westpac makes it simpler to download the recordings for Westpac items than it is when utilizing the NAB and Commonwealth bank's site. The site page of Westpac is significantly connected to different destinations of different organizations, and this guarantees simple access to its items when contrasted with different banks in Australia. Illustrations The utilization of illustrations in an organizations site assumes a colossal job in e-business achievement. The visual part pages of Westpac, Commonwealth, and NAB have extraordinary hues and pictures that are deliberately intended to draw in the bank clients. While NAB and Commonwealth have alluring illustrations and movements, Westpac's site has the best substance in that the hues, sounds, and recordings offered online for clients to see the bank's items. Connecting Capabilities The connecting abilities of the three organizations' sites affect accomplishment under the financial area. Seize and Commonwealth banks utilize both Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 which present the best abilities in the general achievement of the organizations. Be that as it may, Westpac centers around the utilization of Web 2.0 creation it the best. Network Intentionally, networks are intended to empower the client to client correspondence. Ward's site leaves space for clients to customize their records. This makes a phenomenal correspondence stage between the bank and the clients over the web (Carol, Daniel, Jeffrey, Martin, William, 2012). Be that as it may, for protection of information, this is unthinkable in NAB and Westpac. Security The sites of organizations should consistently empower business exchanges in the most secure and privy way. The three organizations sites address the issue of security with high consideration. Clients information and the data are remained careful and private to such an extent that it is inconceivable for fraudsters to hack the client's banks accounts (Sohani, 2009). This is the thing that has made the three organizations stay serious in the Australian financial industry. Proposals The data and innovation director of NAB and Westpac should configuration web highlights and pages that permit their clients to customize the webpage since this assumes a noteworthy job in advertising its items and administrations. The supervisors of NAB and Westpac should duplicate Commonwealth Bank's way to deal with planning an extraordinary substance that permits clients to see their items online through recordings; this teaches clients on the utilization and relevance of the administration in cash move. The three banks ought to endeavor to offer helpful cash move administrations to the clients, give speed and quality administrations, and look to build up connecting capacities to different destinations particularly for notable banks on the planet. References Ditty, B. V., Daniel, D. W., Jeffrey, H. A., Martin, W. E., William, P. C. (2012). Overseeing Information Technolgy. New York: Prentice Hall. seventh Edition Laudon, K., Traver, C. (2008). Internet business: Business, Technology, Society. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. fourth Edition Sohani, A. (2009). Innovation and Banking Sector. India: ICFAI University Press. pp. 1-39

Word of the Week! Valence Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Valence Richmond Writing Special thanks to Rita Willett, MD, Healthcare Studies and Department of Biology, for our word this week. This is her second nomination and, as a writer, I can say that nothing is more pleasing than regulars who read ones work. Dr. Willett provides a term that I knew though chemistry classes, indicating particular types of chemical bonds. It appears in many other fields, all of them indicating a bond of some sort. Scouting about with Google, I found a use from linguistics, where valence indicates the number of words in a sentence to which another word, especially a verb, can bond. An verb such as give has a valence of three; it makes no sense alone, requiring itself (valence of 1) as well as a direct (2) and indirect object (3), as in give me the dictionary! Dr. Willett and her students encountered our word through NIHs RDoC Matrix, a graph ranking psychological motivations and threats according to positive or negative valences. At first glance, the words meaning in psychology drifts a bit from its use in chemistry or immunology, where it also indicates a binding action for antibodies or antigens. The use of the term in psychology dates back only a century, with the OED Online providing a 1917 example, but one from 1935, in a book called A Dynamic Theory of Personality, really captures the meaning well: A certain object or event..is experienced as an attraction (or repulsion) We shall say of such objects that they possess a ‘valence’. There, then, in our bond, much like that in other fields. One positive valence I found at the NIH site is, in fact, chemical. Consider the reward given by the brain when it releases dopamine. Get a like online (or a regular reader responding at your blog) and you get a little dose of it, naturally. This is why I often critique smart phones, calling them addictive dopamine dispensers and banning their use in class. But I digress, perhaps to release some other pleasant brain chemical related to smugness or curmudgeon-ism. Looking for images in the Creative Commons of dopamine reward led to all sorts of negative valences that had me fretting about wasting professional time, since so many images were simply the same drawing of a human brain with the areas highlighted that are linked to dopamine. On the other hand, laughter must be a positive valence, and short clips of Homer Simpson being forced to eat an infinite number of donuts in Hell came up too under dopamine reward. This led me to Homer having a nightmare about The Planet of the Donuts where hes accused of eating half the population. Find those on your own. Right now, my brain craves the positive valence of consuming a donut, a word I prefer to spell doughnut. Then the negative valence of guilt for eating two, not one. I hope the valences that influence your behavior are all positive, from getting enough sleep, rewards, and positive habits. Correction 4/9/18: I had originally noted valence as the spelling for a type of window treatment. As Dr. Willett pointed out, that is a valance. I swear I saw it listed with an e in one of my dictionaries. Perhaps I need an entry for ophthalmologist. Nominate a word by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Words of the Week here. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

Organizational Culture Essay - 1755 Words

Organizational Culture Organizational culture can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members. It includes routine behaviors, norms, dominant values, and a feeling or climate conveyed. The purpose and function of this culture is to help foster internal integration, bring staff members from all levels of the organization much closer together, and enhance their performance. However, there seems to be a widely held misconception that throughout an organization or within a specific division there is only one uniform culture that exists. This definition does not seem adequate because it fails to recognize that in many organizations there are quite†¦show more content†¦Many of the fail points within the organization could be traced directly back to its socialization process. The socialization process is the process by which an organization brings new employees into its culture. The older members of the society transmit to younger members the social skills and knowledge needed to function effectively in the organization. This process of the organization develops the skills and competencies needed to perform the new job. Although the company seemed to be successful in the first two steps the remainder of the process seemed to be inconsistent with this theory. The company followed the traditional pattern of selecting potential candidates through the use of trained recruiters and a standardized procedure. These recruiters looked for a variety of specific traits in each candidate that they believed would make them suitable for the position at the firm. Those individuals that did not meet these strict criteria were not considered for the position. The organization also had many similarities with the next step in which the successful candidates were placed in many challenging environments, or impossible situations to test their commitment to the position. The theory then suggests that at this point in the process those individuals who are not willing to accept the culture would be removed and all others allowed to proceed. Yet this does not seemShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Culture And Organizational Culture1647 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of culture in the organization The organization culture as a leadership concept has been identified as one of the many components that leaders can use to grow a dynamic organization. Leadership in organizations starts the culture formation process by imposing their assumptions and expectations on their followers. Once culture is established and accepted, they become a strong leadership tool to communicate the leader s beliefs and values to organizational members, and especially newRead MoreOrganizational Culture Essay731 Words   |  3 Pages Edgar Schein, a famous theorists dealing with organizational culture, provides the following definition for the term: A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems that has worked well enough to be considered valid and is passed on to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. (organizationalculture101) However, organizational culture is more than sharing assumptions used by a grou p to solve problems;Read MoreOrganizational Culture Essay1236 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational culture Culture is something that encompasses all of us. It helps us to understand how things are created, acknowledged, developed and managed. In this context, culture helps to define and understand an organisation and how it works and manages. Organizational culture is a shared value system derived over time that guides members as they solve problems, adapts to the external environment, and manage relationship (Schein in Wooten and Crane 2003, Vol. 21(6), p.276). OrganisationalRead More Organizational Culture of Alibaba 1463 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished a strong company organizational culture based on a shared mission, vision and value system as the cornerstone of the company and its subsidiaries. They respect the spirit of entrepreneurship, innovation, and focus on meeting the needs of their customers. According to the founder, Jack Ma (August,2013), Alibaba’s organizational culture can be summarized with four simple words: openness, transparency, sharing, and responsibility.It is thank to the organizational culture, Alibaba has launched aRead MoreOrganisational Culture And Organizational Culture1730 Words   |  7 PagesOrganisational culture refers to ‘the shared beliefs and values guiding the thinkin g and behavioural styles of members’ (Cooke and Rousseau, 1988, in Bratton 2010: 334), indicating that employees who accept the common values of an organisation and put great effort on commitments are likely to build up a strong culture to an organisation. Edgar Schein (2004) proposed three levels of organisational culture. As employees go through changes, they gain experiences from the past, adapt to a new environmentRead MoreOrganizational Culture Essay1812 Words   |  8 PagesOrganizational Culture Organizations have personalities like individuals and like individuals, they have enduring and stable traits that help us predict their attitudes and behaviors. An organization’s culture may be hard to define but it has a major impact on the behavior of individuals in the organization. To understand one’s behavior in an organizational culture it helps to understand the dominant culture in an organization and to figure out how individuals come to learn that culture and howRead MoreThe Term Organizational Culture Essay2100 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction A look at simply a couple of works that utilization the term organizational culture will uncover huge variety in the meaning of this term and much all the more in the utilization of the term society has no altered or extensively importance even in human sciences, however variety in its utilization is particularly discernible in the writing on hierarchical society. This is mostly identified with solid contrast in the reason and profundity of books and articles. Be that as it may, likewiseRead MoreThe Organizational Culture of Quinlans3389 Words   |  14 PagesThe Organizational Culture of Quinlans Introduction Quinlan has been UK’s foremost retail giant for a long period of time. By end of 1998 there was evidence of a crisis and since then the company has been on a decline. The company has been ignoring market changes and trying to maintain its corporate image and identity. This has caused the customers to drift to more fashionable brands causing huge loss of business to Quinlan. Presently the company is on a restructuringRead MoreDefining Organizational Culture : An Organization2382 Words   |  10 PagesDefining Organizational Culture With numerous meanings given to organizational culture, scholars claim that the field is grounded in the shared assumptions, attitudes, and behaviors accepted and enacted by employees within an organization, which affect its performance and overall welfare (Belias Koustelios, 2014). Another widespread definition of organizational communication often used by organizational scholars states that: â€Å"Organizational culture is the pattern of basic assumptions that a groupRead MoreQuestions On Organizational Culture And Leadership914 Words   |  4 PagesSchein, E (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership. 2nd ed., San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Edgar Schein outlines those characteristics in better understanding and assessing the culture and climate of an organization. A lot energy and emphasis is focused on the identification and application of an organization’s guiding principles. Schein suggests that our guiding values and principles are important, but it is in the organizations structure, culture, action that describes the true character

Teen Pregnancy Essay - 2181 Words

Pregnancies are a wonderful thing. Just imagine being able to create another human being and bringing it into the world. Although this may be what the majority of mothers think, teen moms may have a different perspective. They might have been forced into pregnancy and the child may be a reoccurring thought of what happened to her. Chances are the teen will love her baby in the long run, but in the beginning the teen most likely had different views. Teen pregnancy is a worldwide problem that needs to be educated properly. The reason why most teen pregnancies occur because teens aren’t educated enough. Granted they might become curious or they don’t care, but they at least need to be properly educated on the matter and know exactly what they†¦show more content†¦Generally when a teen has a baby, society tends to make her seem like a monster, and that whatever happened to cause this. She gets shunned and pushed into a dark place where she may not be capable to pro vide the best care for herself or her baby. The duo may be ignored by their family and friends, causing them to feel very isolated and alone, which could potentially lead to things such as insanity, other mental health issues, or the worst case possible, death. Unfortunately, if the teen gets to the point where she feels like there’s no other option, she will most likely turn to drugs and alcohol, making her situation even worse for herself and those around her. If drugs or alcohol were involved before the teen knew she became pregnant, medical complications to her or the baby are very likely. The teen has to stop drinking, or doing any type of drugs immediately if she wants to keep her and her baby safe. If the mother gets hurt in anyway while she is pregnant, she can potentially hurt and/or kill her baby. Birth deformities are common in mothers who choose to not have a healthy lifestyle. Teen moms are more likely to have their babies born early, have miscarriages, and underweight babies. This will lead to the need of more medical attention, which leads to more money. If the teen mother does not have any help from parents, family, or friends, she will most likely not be able to pay for it and could cause harmful things to occur to h erShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesTeen Pregnancy Nearly thirteen percent of all births in the United States were teenage girls from the ages fifteen to nineteen. Almost one million teenagers become pregnant each year and about 485,00 give birth. In many situations the answer to keeping a relationship going is to have a good sex life. Most teen relationships are based on sex. This is one of the main reasons why teenage birth rates are so high. I am a good person to make a case for this topic because I have witnessed from a familyRead MoreEssay on Teen Pregnancy1041 Words   |  5 PagesIt has been said that teens across the world have not been receiving enough sex education. This has led to many issues with teens becoming pregnant, which most of the time is unanticipated. Teenage pregnancy has been a social problem throughout the world for a number of decades now. Many studies have been completed in several countries that pertain to the amount of teens and the types of teens who are becoming pregnant. Rates among teens had bee n declining for some time, but are starting to takeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1364 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is teen pregnancy? Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20. A female can become pregnant from sexual intercourse after she has begun to ovulate, which can be before her first menstrual period but usually occurs after the onset of her periods. There are many reasons why teens end up pregnant at such a young age. These reasons consist of family related problems, the lack of being taught about safe sex in school and by parents at homeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pageswhat is going to help reduce the alarmingly high rate of teen pregnancies has not ceased. Many argue over whether abstinence-only should be taught in high school and if it is the key to reducing the high teen pregnancy rate. From my standpoint, I believe that it should be taught. However, it should be accompanied by the teachings of birth control along with other contraceptives and how to use them. The fact of the matter is that teen pregnancies continue to be a prevalent problem and teaching abstinenceRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay915 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Pregnancy Over the past two decades, the rates of teen pregnancy have grown dramatically. According to the Prevention of Teen Pregnancy, approximately every thirty-one seconds ateenager becomes pregnant in the United States. This is unbelievable, however that is the truth that no one can deny. Many people think that teen pregnancy dont effect them unless they get pregnant or one of the family members in teenage get pregnant. However teen pregnancy really affects our communities and countryRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay643 Words   |  3 Pagesdifficulties that come with an unplanned pregnancy in teens can have a profound effect on their life. Their physical, social, mental, and emotional health will all be affected by a sudden change in the course of their life. Teens impacted with an unplanned pregnancy will have to give up many things in order to be a parent. In addition, they will have to take on many more responsibilities that accompany pregnancy and parenthood. All in all, having an unplanned pregnancy and becoming a parent introduceRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1314 Words   |  6 Pages(Hamilton, B.E.). That’s nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year. According to, â€Å"11 facts about teen pregnancy† less than 2% of teen moms earn a college degree by age 30 (Par. 2 5). There are many reasons for this and the best way to help limit teen pregnancy would be to require parents to attend teen pregnancy prevention meetings held by schools. One of the many problems is that most teens are not well informed about the troubles of being a teen parent. They don’t understand how it willRead MoreEssay On Teen Pregnancy1590 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy Task 1 Teenage pregnancy has been around for thousands of years, and in the past was in fact an ideal among societies of past times, such as the Ancient Greeks, the Medieval Era, and even as late as the 20th century. Teenage women were thought to be at the prime age for baring children, and often as soon as they were married, fell pregnant. However, in this era, women have more opportunities to go further and reach higher in life, they have the chance to be successful, and to rivalRead More Teen Pregnancy Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesPrevent Teen Pregnancy nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; After reading Martha Balash’s article, Schools Can Help to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Balash has put time and effort into this proposal on stopping Teen Pregnancy. I think Balash’s introduction is very effective because she goes straight to the facts. She doesn’t try to mislead you with any false facts. She goes straight to the point and the point is to prevent teen pregnancy. Balash tells that schools has more influence over teen pregnancy than whatRead MoreEssay Teen Pregnancy1403 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a lot of teen mothers growing up in this world wondering, what if I would have stayed in school? W hat could I have become? Would it have made my life easier if I had thought first? There is many causes for teen pregnancy. They lead to the need for the desire of love by another person. One might have a poor home life and would want something like their peers have. A teen may have a low self-esteem and simply be looking for acceptance. However, many teens that have a wonderful

Holiday Trip Free Essays

Science Form 2 note CHAPTER 1: THE WORLD THROUGH OUR SENSES 1. 1 Sensory Organs and Their Functions Sensory Organs and Their Stimuli 1. Humans being have five main sensory organ, which are skin, nose, tongue, ears and eyes. We will write a custom essay sample on Holiday Trip or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Sense detects stimuli, that is changes in surroundings (around us). 3. Five senses: i. sight ii. hearing iii. touch iv. taste v . smell 4. Senses are part of the body called sensory organs. 5. Changes or object that can detect by our senses are called stimuli. 6. The ability of the sensory organs to detect stimuli is called senses. 7. All the sensory organs are complete with sensory receptors, that is the nerve endings that can detect stimuli. Stimuli Sense Sensory organ Light(Brightness, colour) Sight Eye Sound Hearing Ear Touch, heat, cold, pain, pressure Touch Skin Sweet, sour, bitter, salty Taste Tongue Smell or odors Smell Nose The World through our senses senses Light and sight Sound and hearing Stimuli and responses in plants Touch (skin) Smell (nose) Taste (tongue) Hearing (ear) Sight (eye) Properties of light Vision defects Optical illusions Stereoscopic and monocular Properties of sound Reflection and absorption limitations stereophonic Phototropism (light) Geotropism (gravity) Hydrotropism (water) Thigmotropism (move toward) Nastic movement (move run away) Science Form 2 note 2012 Laman web. http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/see. htm http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/touch. htm http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/hear. htm http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/taste. htm http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/smell. htm 1. 2 The Pathway from Stimulus to Response PMR 05 Figure 1. 2 The summary of the pathway from stimulus to response 1. Our sensory organs are used to detect stimuli (Singular: stimulus). A stimulus is anything that causes a reaction in a living organism, e. g. Pain, heat, sound, chemicals. 2. When a stimulus is detected, receptor cells in the sensory organ will be triggered and generate impulses. 3. These impulses will be transmitted through the nerve and than to the brain. 4. The brain will further process and interpret the impulse signals as specific information than the organism has to respond to. 5. This information is than sent back to the sensory organ through the nerve to provide responses. Stimulus Sensory organ Nerves Brain Nerves Response Stimulus Sensory organs Nerves Brain Nerve Response Science Form 2 note 2012 EXERCISE Sense of Touch PMR 07 http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/touch. htm Go to www. brainpop. com/health/integumentary/skin/index. weml Watch a movie on the skin. For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. The sense of touch is the sense that is sensitive towards the touch stimulus provided by specific objects. 2. Organ involve in the detection of touch stimulus is the skin. 3. Structure of human skin: a) The skin divided into three layer epidermis, dermis, fat layer (subcutaneous layer @ adipose layer @ fat layer) ) Receptors are cell in our body that detected stimuli. c) Our body have different types of receptors. These are: i. pain receptor ii. touch receptor iii. heat receptor iv. cold receptor v. pressure receptor Sensory organ 1 Eye 2 Tongue 3 Ear 4 Nose 5 Skin Stimulus (a) Light (a) Chemical substance (a) Sound (a) Chemical substance (a) Cold Pressure Pain Heat Detected by sense of (b) Sight (b) Taste (b) hearing (b) smell (b) touch Science Form 2 note 2012 d) The pain receptor is in the epidermis. e) The touch, heat and cold receptors are in the dermis. The pressure receptors are in the fat layer. f) Each type of receptor can detect only one particular stimulus. g) The part or our body contain receptor are called sensory organs h) These receptor have nerves attached to them Draw figure 1. 3, page 6 4. The degree of sensitivity of the skin depends on the: a) Thickness of the epidermis †¢ The thinner the epidermis, the more sensitive the skin is to the stimulus b) Number of receptors present PMR 05 †¢ The more receptors found on the skin the more sensitive is that part of the skin. 5. The part of the body that have thin epidermis and many receptors sensitive to touch are ) lips b) fingertips c) behind the ears d) armpit e) the back of the neck 6. The part of the body that are not so sensitive to touch are the: a) elbow b) knee c) palm of the hand and sole of the foot d) buttocks/hip 7. The parts of the body usually chosen by the doctor for injection are along the upper arm and the buttocks. This is because these parts have t hick epidermis and fewer receptors. 8. Braille is a code made up of small raised dots on paper. Blind people use their sense of touch to read Braille. 9. Other functions of the human skin. i. Water proof – prevent water loss from skin. ii. Prevents entry of microorganisms that cause illnesses. iii. Remove waste products – excess water, urea and mineral salts. iv. Produces Vitamin D in the presence of the sunlight. v. Stabilise body temperature Science Form 2 note 2012 – sweat glands produce more sweat to cool the body if body temperature rises. Quick check Fill in the blank with the suitable terms given in the box. Receptors thickness thinner sense of touch touch more number 1. The skin is an organ of __________________ 2. There are five types of __ ___ in the skin sensitive to various stimuli. . The sensitivity of the skin depends on the ___________ of the epidermis and the ____________ receptors on the skin. 4. The ____________ the epidermis, the more sensitive it is to stimulus. 5. The ________ receptors there are on the skin, the more sensitive it is to stimulus. 6. Blind people use their ____ to help them read Braille THE SENSE OF SMELL http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/smell. htm Go to www. innerbo dy. com/htm/body/html. choose `nervous system’ and click on the `nose’ for detailed information. For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my mucus Sensory Cells (smell receptors) Nerve to brain Nose Nasal cavity Air in tongue Roof of the mouth nostril Science Form 2 note 2012 1. The nose is sensory organ for smell. 2. Cells sensitive to smell (smell receptors) are found on the top of the nasal cavity. Draw figure 1. 8, page 9 3. Structure of the human nose. a. The human nose has a cavity lined with epithelium tissue. b. On the surface of the epithelium tissue are the sensory cells known as olfactory cells. c. The surface of the nasal cavity is moist because of the mucus secreted by the cells of a gland. d. The nasal cavity has a pair of external opening (nostrils) which have hair to filter dust from the air inhaled through the nose. 4. The nose detects smell in the following way. The inside of the nasal cavity produce mucus v The chemical vapor entering nose during breathing dissolves in mucus. The dissolve chemicals stimulates the smell receptor at the top of the nasal cavity. The smell receptor then produce impulse which are sent through the nerves to the brain v The brain interprets / evaluates the smell . When we have a cold or flu, a lot of mucus is produce. The smell receptors are surrounded by this thick layer of mucus and vary little of chemical vapor gets to the smell receptors. Therefore, the smell receptors do not get stimulated enough to effectively function as a sensory organ of smell. 6. The sensitivity of the nose towards stimuli is influenced by the following factors: PMR 05 i. The strength of the smell. A stronger smell will be detected by the nose easily compared with a weaker smell. ii. The presence of mucus in the nose. A lot of mucus will reduce the sensitivity of the nose. Science Form 2 note 2012 Quick check 1. 3 1. Where are the smells receptors found? he top of t he nasal cavity 2. Explain why when we have cold or flu , the nose cannot function effectively as a sensory organ of smell The sensitive receptor cells covered with mucus block the chemical substances from stimulating the smell receptors. THE SENSE OF TASTE http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/taste. htm draw figure 1. 10, page 11 1. The tongue is the sensory organ for taste. 2. The surface of the tongue has groups of cells known as taste buds which are sensitive to taste. . There are four types of taste buds on the tongue sensitive to sweet , bitter, sour and salty. PMR 03 4. The tongue detects taste in the following way: Dissolved substance taste receptors message brain type of taste 5. The sense of smell helps the sense of taste . This explains why food dose not taste appetizing when we have a cold or flu because we cannot smell effectively Figure 1. 8 Structure of the human tongue and the areas of taste on the tongue Science Form 2 note 2012 The Sense of Taste and the Sense of Smell Go to www. brainpop. om/health/senses/taste/ Watch a short movie on taste and try a quiz about taste.. For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. All our sense work together:- sense of smell and taste are special partner 2. When we eat, our tongue gives us the taste and our nose smell of the food. THE SENSES OF HEARING http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/hear. htm 1. The ear is the sense organ that is sensitive to sound stimuli produced by vibrating object. 2. A human ear has three main part. i. the outer ear, filled with air. ii. The middle ear, filled with air. iii. The inner ear, filled with liquid Draw figure 1. 15, page 14 3. Function of the different parts of the human ear. Salin table 1. 4, page 15 Science Form 2 note 2012 The Hearing Mechanism Lukis/Photostat figure 1. 16 m/s 15 FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE HUMAN EAR Part function OUTER EAR Pinna collects and directs sound waves into the ear canal. ear canal / auditory canal transmits sound waves to the eardrum. Eardrum vibrates and transmits sound waves to the ossicles. MIDDLE EAR Ossicles intensify the vibrations of the sound waves by 22 times before transmitting to the oval window. Eustachian tube balances the air pressure at both side of the eardrum. val window transmits sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear. INNER EAR Cochlea transforms sound vibrations into impulses. semicircular canals balance the body position. auditory nerves send messages to the brain which interprets the messages as sound. Limitations of hearing. 1. We cannot hear all the sounds around us. 2. The range of frequencies of hearing in man is 20 Hz until 20 000 Hz. The following table shows the range of frequencies of hearing of several animals: ANIMAL RANGE of FREQUENCIES snake 100-800Hz frog 50-10 000Hz dog 10-50 000Hz cat 60-60 000Hz bat 1000-120 000Hz grasshopper 100-15 000Hz hale 10-50Hz Science Form 2 note 2012 3. Different people have different limitations of hearing. 4. For example, old people generally cannot hear as well as young people. 5. Our ear drum become less sensitive to sound as we grow older. 6. To overcome the limitations of hearing, we use i. the stethoscope – enables doctor to detect the soft heartbeats of patients. ii. hearing aids – collects sound signals before being sent to the middle ear. iii. amplifier – boosts weak sound signals. Stereophonic hearing Go to : http://www. wardless. co. uk/hearing aids/twoEarsBetter. html Find out more about stereophonic hearing from this website or other websites. . For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my 1. Stereophonic hearing is hearing using both ea rs. 2. The advantages of stereophonic hearing: i. enables the direction of the source of hearing to be detected more accurately. ii. This is because the ear nearer the source of sound receives sound louder and earlier than the other ear. iii. Animals that have stereophonic sound can detect the presence of preys and predators more quickly. Properties of sound (see page 16 science volume 1) 1. The transfer of sound requires a medium. 2. ound can transferred through; b. solids c. liquids d. gases e. cannot be transferred through in vacuum. 3. Sound can be transferred fastest in solids and slowest in gases. 4. This is because the particles in solids and liquids are closer each other compared to the molecules in gases. 5. Vacuum is space that does not have any particles. Science Form 2 note 2012 6. Speed of sound transferred in various media. MEDIUM SPEED of SOUND (m/s) Air 340 Water 1500 Wood 3600 Iron 5000 Steel 6000 Reflection and absorption of sound 1. Sound can be reflected or absor bed by the surface of an object. . The sound reflected repeatedly from one surface is known as echo. 3. Surfaces that are smooth, even and hard are good sound reflectors and produce loud echo. For examples, concrete, plank, metal and mirror 4. Surfaces that are rough, hollow and soft are good sound absorbers and produce weak echo. For examples cloth, sponge, cork, rubber, carpet and cushion. SENSE OF SIGHT http://freda. auyeung. net/5senses/see. htm 1. The sense of sight is the sense that can detect light stimulus. 2. Structure of the human eye: PMR 04 i. the sclera (outermost) ii. the choroids (middle) and iii. the retina (innermost) ukis rajah m/s 22 3. The function of each part of the eye. Pelajar diminta mencari maklumat ini (isi maklumat seperti jadual dibawah) Science Form 2 note 2012 part Structure / characteristic function sclera cornea choroids conjunctiva iris pupil Lens PMR 04 Transparent and elastic convex lens Refracts and focuses light onto the retina. ciliary muscle s upportive ligament vitreous humour aqueous humour retina optic nerve Mechanism of Sight PMR 03, 07 1. The lens in the human eye is a transparent convex lens. 2. An inverted image is focused on the retina. 3. Light rays are refracted by the eye lens. The eye lens focuses the image onto the retina by changing the thickness of the eye lens. The thickness of the lens is changed by the ciliary muscles. i. Focusing near objects To focus near objects onto the retina, the ciliary muscles contract. The eye lens become thicker. ii. focusing distant object. To focus distant objects onto the retina, the ciliary muscles relax. The eye lens becomes thinner. draw figure `How do we see’ m/s 23 Light and sight 1. Light is a form of energy. 2.. light travels at a speed of ; i. 300,000,000 meter/second (m/s) in the air. ii. 25,000,000 m/s in water iii. 200,000,000 m/s in glass 3. Light travels in a straight lines. Science Form 2 note 2012 Reflection of light. http://www. phys. ufl. edu/- delamater/optics_pictures. pdf#search=`what%20is%20incident%20and%20ref lected%20ray’ 1. Light can be reflected. (that’s mean change direction) 2. When the reflected light rays enter our eyes, we can s ee the object. 3. The image in a plane mirror is, i. virtual (cannot be formed on a screen) ii. upright iii. laterally inverted iv. the same size as the object v. the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in mirror. Refraction of light. PMR 03, 05 1. Refraction of light is the bending of light. This happens when light travels from one transparent medium to another which is of a different density. 2. The speed of light decrease when light enters a denser medium. 3. Light travels through media like air, water and glass. draw figure 1. 27 page 24 Experiment page 25. LAPORAN PEKA 1 Various defect of vision. PMR 03, 06, 07 http://www. chemsoc. org/exemplarchem/entries/2002/upton/defects_of_the _eye. htm 1. Two common vision defects are long-sightedness (hypermetropia) and short-sightedness (myopia). Science Form 2 note 2012 2. Comparison between long-sightedness and short-sightedness. `Comparison between long-sightedness and short-sightedness’ Short-sightedness Differences Long-sightedness 1. Symptoms of defect. 1. 2. Causes of defect 1. Position of image of object Lihat power point Diagram Science Form 2 note 2012 Correction method 3. Astigmatism is another vision defect. i. Its caused by the cornea and the eye lens that are not evenly curved. ii. As a result, the image formed on the retina is distorted and not clear (hazy/blurred). ii. This defect can be overcome by wearing glasses with cylindrical lenses or contact lens or by surgery. 4. Optical illusion. http://www. michaelbach. de/ot/ http://www. indianchild. com/3d%20mainpage. htm i. Optical illusion occurs when the brain cannot interpret impulses received properly. ii. Examples of optical illusion. draw figure 1. 41 page 30 5. Blind spot i. The blind spot is a spot on the retina of the eye that cannot detect light stimulus. ii. The image of the object formed at the blind spot cannot be seen by the eye because there are no light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) at the blind spot. Experiment seperti ms 29 Monocular and stereoscopic vision. http://nzphoto. tripod. com/sterea/3dvision. htm Science Form 2 note 2012 1. The stereoscopic vision is vision using both eyes. 2. The overlapping area of the vision of both the left and right eyes is called stereoscopic field 3. Advantages of stereoscopic vision. a. See three-dimensional pictures of objects. b. Enables more accurate estimation of distance and position. c. Animal predators normally have stereoscopis vision so better estimate the distance when getting to pounce on their prey. draw figure 1. 3 page 31 4. Monocular vision is a vision using only one eye. 5. The advantage of monocular vision is having a wide vision field. 6. Its disadvantage is that it cannot estimate distance accurately. 7. Animal preys use monocular vision to detect predators coming from all direction. draw figure 1. 42 page 30 Appropriate devices to overcome the limitations of sight Go to www. google. com. Type LASIK or PRK . you can get more information about the latest technologies to correct the different types of defects of vision. 1. Optical devices are invented to increase the ability to see minute or very distant objects. INSTRUMENT FUNCTION Microscope To see minute objects such as microorganisms and bacteria. Telescope to see far-off objects such as stars and planets. Binocular to see tiny distant objects such as birds in the sky. Magnifying to magnify tiny objects to become glass larger than original. Science Form 2 note 2012 STIMULI AND RESPONSE IN PLANTS. Go to www. emc. maricopa. edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Biobook TOC. html Click on `24 plant hormones and nutrition’ then `plants respond to external stimuli’.. For easy access, go to www. icd. com. my . Movements of any plant parts towards stimuli are known as tropic movement or tropism. 2. Type of tropism: a. Growth of plant part towards an external stimulus is known as positive tropism. b. Growth away from an external stimulus is known as negative tropism. 3. Tropism responses in plants include: a. Phototropism PMR 03, 08 b. Geotropism PMR 06 c. Hydrotropism PMR 03, 08 d. Thigmotropism – move towards – to obtain support e. Nastic movement – move run away – Salin nota sendiri dari buku teks m/s 33, 34, 35 masukkan gambar rajah sekali †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. tammat†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ How to cite Holiday Trip, Papers

UE Writing free essay sample

2010 Your school is running a campaign to Ocean Park has decided to run an essay Your school has decided to confine all ‘Overcrowding can seriously damage promote the idea ‘Education needs to be competition entitled ‘Animals students to the school grounds at lunch the quality life in a community. † Write more creative’. Students have time. Students will not be allowed to go an essay discussing this claim with Ambassadors’. There are two been invited to propose a programme or categories from which the ambassadors home or eat out and may only have reference to the living conditions of an activity which encourages creativity. can be chosen: domestic pets (such as lunch supplied by the school caterer. As Hong Kong people. Provide a suitable You have gathered opinions on the idea dogs, cats and tropical fish), and exotic President of your Students’ from your teachers and classmates. animals (such as crocodiles, pandas and Association, write a letter to your Write an article for your school title for the essay. snakes). Choose two animals, one from school principal protesting against the magazine proposing a programme or an each category, and with reference to new rule. Provide three reasons why activity, explaining its key elements their characteristics and the way that you and your fellow students oppose and identifying its benefits. people view them, write an essay this plan. Provide a suitable title for the article. explaining why these two animals are suitable to hold the post of animal ambassadors. Provide an appropriate title for your essay. 2009 Your school has voted a celebrity artist Some people have criticized movie Students and parents from your A large number of candidates or athlete Person of the Year for 2008. stars for staging extravagant weddings school have raised a large sum of from different schools recently You are a reporter for the school which cost far more than most couples money for Chinas development. The entered the Ten Model Students magazine. You have interviewed the would spend. Critics believe that such school principal is now asking students competition organised by a local winner. Write an article for the school weddings could be just as beautiful and for their opionios as to which one of the newspaper. However, there were magazine showing how his or her memorable if some of the millions of following two initiatives in China only six winners, all of whom were experience of failure before finally dollars spent were donated to charity should receive the money: 1) further female students. The criteria on which succeeding might inspire the personal instead. Write a letter to the editor of thespace exploration or 2) basic healthcare the candidates were judged included development of students. Give your Hong Kong Post stating your views on and education in rural areas. Write a academic performance, leadership article an appropriate heading. this issue and giving reasons for them. letter to the Principal stating which skills, use of language to express initiative should receive the donation themselves, and knowledge of the and why it should not be given to the world. To what extent would you agree other. that male students in Hong Kong generally lack the qualities that would fit them for the title of model student? Write an essay justifying your views and give it a suitable title. 2008 Write an essay to share your view on balancing the freedom to expressing Write a letter suggesting 2 stimulating Write an article for school magazine questions to be discussed by 3 Write a letter to the editor expressing sharing your view and commenting on your view on who should be oneself VS protecting others privacy on professionals in a school assembly the results of a survey assessing responsible for heavy school bags of the internet. (Expository essay) concerning Shaping Hong Kong. students self-esteem. (Expository most HK students. (Letter to editor. (Formal letter. Expository) article) Expository) 2 007 Write a letter to SPAC. concerning Pet Article for school Magazine sharing 2 Article to argue whether teen idols Write a letter to HK Post about how a abuse and suggest measures to ensure unique factures of Chinese culture after getting married may affect their criminal gang tricked old people and Pet welfare. joining an exchange programe what your Owners Association has (Formal letter, expository) (Expository essay) popularity. (Controversial essay) done to avoid similar incidents. (Letter to the editor, expository) 2006 Support or disprove whether Korean Article for school newspaper describing Letter to Editor commenting Article for school newspaper offering Culture and products have taken over arguments on whether school tuck shop downloading entertainment from the advice on safety measures when hiking HK market. (Controversial essay) in remote areas. (Expository essay) internet. (Letter to the editor, (Discussion essay) 2005 Letter to Principal explaining how a should stop selling Junk food. expository) Article in school newspaper expressing Present survey findings of Mainland Letter to editor questioning the quality fight arose and seeking his leniency in views on the benefits and drawbacks of tourists impressions of H. K. and H. K. of Radio programme hosts in punishing the students concerned. early admission to university. (Formal letter, expository) (Discussional essay) letter, controversial) Write an article outlining 3 reasons to Advise a friend to start a career as a Write an article for school newspaper serve either poor elderly people or sharing the main ideas of a seminar on 2004 Write a letter to the principal, Summarizing different views for and people. (Report, expository) police cadet instead of a singer. counselling Youths on air. (Forma! against spending a donation on MMLC primary school children newly arrived (Controversial writing in form of an slimming and health. (Expository eassy or NET and making appropriate in form of a report) from the mainland. (Controversial recommendation. (Discussional writing essay) informal letter) in form of a letter proposal) 2003 State whether it is right for a country to Argue whether Music, art and literature Write an article to school newspaper fight a war? (Controversial essay) Letter to the Editor discussing whether are valuable than science and stating your choice between living in a local degree is better or worse than an technology. (Controversial essay) H. K. or in another part of the world. oversea one. (Discussional essay) (Persuasive writing) 2002 Write an article listing 3 suggestions to Write an article either for or against Explain why HK films and stars gain State your choice of having children or improve family life (Expository and whether Internet can replace traditional popularity of the world (Expository not proposal) schools or not (Controversial essay) (Controversial essay) 2001 Article for school newspaper, essay) Argue whether Christmas should not be Discuss the positive and Negative Suggest 3 ways to promote discussing the seriousness of the celebrated in China because it is a multicultural understanding and racial problem of bulling in schools and foreign custom. (Controversial essay) marriage (Discussional essay) aspects of living together before propose 3 solutions (Expository essay) 2000 Suggest 3 ways students use English outside school (Expository essay) harmony in H. K. (Letter to the editor, expository) Mobile telephone is most annoying, Comment on whether graduates should Letter to principal suggesting 3 ways to unnecessary and time-wasting device work one year before entering improve the quality of education in (Controversial essay) school (Letter proposal) university (Discussional essay) 1999 Suggest how young people can help to A university education is not essential Universitys admission not only based Persuade a friend to see a particular promote international understanding for success. (Controversial essay) and world peace. (Expository essay) 1998 Suggestions of improving tourism in on ones academic performance. play or film. (Informal letter) (Discussional article) Tutorial centre (Discussional essay) H. K. (Letter proposal, expository) Should pager be allowed to be used in Whether computer is best to be studied school (Controversial essay) in school or at home (Controversial essay) 1997 Poverty in the world (Discussional English names (Controversial article) Sports Club Promotion (Letter to essay) 1996 New Town (Letter to the editor) Overseas Holiday (Article to Sch chairperson) newspaper) Diet and fitness of youths (Article to Proposed As-Level subjects Big Brother Scheme school newspaper) (Discussional essay) (Letter proposal, expository)

Scope of Online Sales free essay sample

An increase in the use of websites for promotion of consumer products by organizations is expected. Organizations encourage visits to their websites by the use of integrated marketing communications However, while advertisements are quite popular and a big business on the Internet, sales promotions on the Internet have not caught up yet. The aim of this project is to provide better understanding on the use of sales promotions for consumer products in an online environment. In order to reach this purpose, research questions on the types of sales promotions used online, as well as describing the environment in which they existed, were stated. Based on these research questions, a review of the literature was conducted, resulting in a conceptual framework. This framework became the guide for this study’s data collection. A qualitative approach was used. Study was conducted on the background on an Electronics manufacturing company, Sunlit Electronics. Data was collected by interacting with dealers, customers and company’s website. We will write a custom essay sample on Scope of Online Sales or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The findings indicate that firm has not introduced online sales and online sale promotion activities through their website. Even though there is a lot of scope for the same. The firm is not using their website effectively. The study finds out that the Firm can ensure transactions security for online sales and provide playfulness in websites which make them more effective. The overall project findings says that the company has scope to introduce this new sales feature and use different sales promotion materials to increase their sales and make website effective, they do not use many of sales promotion types for online promotions. SALES PROMOTIONS Promotions should be considered in a broader context than simply price promotions and will include co-op advertising funds, display allowances to the trade, as well as display and feature advertising activity direct to the consumer. An appropriate promotional mix must be created in order to meet the promotional objectives of any given promotion strategy. The promotional mix is the combination of different promotional channels that is used to communicate a promotional message. This will involve an appropriate selection from the range of tools that are available for use as part Sales promotion (Rowley J. 1998). A significant sales impact has been shown that sales promotions are widely employed by manufacturers and retailers. Generally, each sales promotion tool is used to achieve a unique objective (Srinivasan, S. S. and Anderson, R. E. 1998). Various studies indicate that online sales promotions can lift offline sales time after time, whether the item in question is a food item, personal care or a household product. Furthermore, each campaign has typically brought in more than twice the amount that the company paid to advertise online. Sales promotions can offer many consumer benefits, the most obvious being monetary savings, although consumers also may be motivated by the desire for quality, convenience, value expression, exploration and entertainment (Kwak S. and Uncles M. 2005). Past studies of the effectiveness of consumer sales promotion have focused on monetary sales promotion. However, in practice, both monetary and non-monetary sales promotions are used widely. In assessing the effectiveness of sales promotions it is necessary to examine both types. In the UK by 2001, over a one third of adults who accessed the Internet also purchased goods or services through it (Harridge and March, 2004). This means, of course, that two-thirds do not shop online, and some writers cite uncertainty and/or risk as preventing consumers from doing so. Some companies have been criticized for apparently thinking that all Internet shoppers are the same, instead of realizing that there are many reasons why a customer may visit a site. On the one hand, the highly competitive marketplace compels marketers to increase their spending on the promotional mix. While at the same time promotional expenditures are being examined closely by top management as one of the most promising areas left for cutting costs and increasing profits. This heightened scrutiny puts intense pressure on marketers to develop and implement promotional programs that can add value to their corporations within the constraints of tighter budgets. Hence, there is a crucial need to re-examine how promotional dollars are spent. One promotional element attracting intense scrutiny is sales promotion which consists of a diverse collection of mostly short-term incentives designed to motivate consumers or the trade to purchase a product immediately and/or in larger quantities by lowering the price or adding value. (Srinivasan and Anderson 1998) New strategies for Internet marketing have been predicted to include new ways of targeting, focusing on benefits; product strategy emphasizing authenticity and promotion based on well-managed websites (Aldridge et al. 1997) researchers have shown that sales promotions lead to real long-run increases in sales and profits (Dhar and Hoch, 1996; Hoch et al. , 1994). In addition, different types of sales promotional tools can have different impacts on sales, profitability, and value added to the brand (March, 2004). Sales promotions are important marketing tools in today’s businesses. They command a greater portion of the marketing budget than advertisements (in consume r-packaged-goods business) (Kumar et al. , 1998). Marketing resources allocated to promotional tools represents a significant portion of a firm’s total communication efforts. For instance, in the USA sales promotion investments amount to nearly 30 percent of what firms spend on advertising alone (d’Astous and Jacob, 2002). In many European countries, sales promotion expenditures are larger than advertising expenditures. However, while advertisements are quite popular and a big business on the Internet, sales promotions on the Internet have not caught up yet. Part of the reason is that an advertisement is purely informational with no exchange value.

The Renaissance and Change essays

The Renaissance and Change essays History shows us that we are always taking transitions and making changes. The renaissance is no exception. People began to act in a different manor, they began to study human habits and patterns. And acknowledged 'self-conscious awareness?. The renaissance was a time of re-birth. During this time of identity change, people began to put a real emphasis on material objects, and decorations. Surprisingly the church was the biggest influence in this new trend. Cathedrals were decorated from floor to ceiling with intricate murals and carvings. This is an example of 'secularism?. People soon began to take it a bit farther than decorations. And began to focus on how they and their positions appeared, rather than their devotion and spiritual being. People began to utilize the 'secular-spirit? Individualism is the development of one's traits and capabilities. But people began to Brag and show off rather than express one's Individual self. Renaissance artwork is a great example of secularism and individualism. Artist strove to make their paintings more realistic. Medieval art was flat. They didn't use such a broad range of colors, the lines were rather strait and the depth perception is all off. During the Renaissance artist like Michelangelo and DaVinchi experimented with light and rich colors, depth and curvilinear lines. Rich people would hire artist like Michelangelo and DaVinchi to paint murals in their houses. The paintings were usually of the owner doing an admirable deed or in the place of a biblical character. The artist was often paid more for glorifying the event. They would make the owner of the house more handsome, more muscular or make his action into a bigger deal. People did this so that visitors would be impressed or even intimidated at the families presence. Niccolo Machiavelli was a famous writer. His most famous work was The Prince. It is a book that focuses on politics and human nature. Machiavelli believ...

Respiration & Circulation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Respiration & Circulation - Lab Report Example There are different parts of circulation and respiration. They include heart, blood vessels, capillaries, blood, spleen, trachea, lungs, and pericardium (Starr and McMillan 2013). Respiration involves inhalation and exhalation of air. The respiratory system is a structure that enables human beings to breath. As stated earlier, respiration involves absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere and elimination of Carbon dioxide. The respiratory system is identified by different structures from the nose to the chest. Some of the structures are the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, and alveolar duct. The structures of respiration are categorised into lower and the upper respiratory tract. The nose, mouth and the trachea form the upper part, which allows air in and out from the body. The lower parts of the system include trachea, bronchi, broncheoli, pulmonary alveoli and lungs. The trachea is in the two parts of the respiratory system. However, the upper part of the trachea is a small section while lower connects the bronchi and the throat (Jakab 2007). Each lung has  of roughly  300 million alveoli, which  are in the form of tiny sacks formed at the end of the bronchioles. Tiny blood vessels surround alveoli. Alveoli form a large surface that makes it good for gaseous exchange because the tiny layer of the blood vessels covers the alveoli. Oxygen from the alveoli enters the blood vessels while the CO2 is eliminated from the blood vessels. This is because the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli have more CO2 than the alveoli that have more oxygen. For a balance of both gases, oxygen diffuses to the blood while CO2 diffuses out from the blood to the alveoli. CO2 is breathed out while oxygen breathed in hence gaseous exchange takes place (Fosbery and McLean 1996). During inhalation and exhalation, the pressure and volume of the lungs change. When air is breathed in, the ribs move upwards

Issues in eDUCATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Issues in eDUCATION - Essay Example In order to provide a good quality education to students, teachers should develop new teaching and learning strategies that could increase the students’ motivation in learning. By doing so, school teachers will be able to convert the students’ negative learning attitude into a positive attitude and behaviour. (Schweinle et al., 2006) For the purpose of this study, the researcher will discuss the factors that could increase the students’ misbehaviour inside the classroom including: (1) the size of the classroom; (2) differences in learning capabilities of each student within an inclusive classroom; (3) Medical or Genetic Factors; (4) school teachers’ inability to develop an outstanding classroom environment that could increase the students’ curiosity in learning; and (5) other factors: boredom in class or frustration in learning. Knowing these factors will enable the readers to have a better idea on how to control the students’ misbehaviour in class. As part of controlling the students’ misbehaviour, the researcher will first examine the difference between disciplinary actions using the managerial and educational activity prior to concluding which among the two methods are more effective in managing a class. Among the five possible factors that could increase the student’s misbehaviour inside the classroom including: (1) classroom size; (2) differences in learning capabilities of each student within an inclusive classroom; (3) medical or genetic factors; (4) school teachers’ failure to develop an outstanding classroom environment that could increase the students’ curiosity in learning; and (5) other factors that could cause boredom in class or frustration in learning; the most important factor that school teachers should artistically learn to control within an inclusive classroom is the medical and genetic factors. This is primarily because other factors could

Study on Enhancing Architecture Appreciation

Study on Enhancing Architecture Appreciation Frank Lloyd Wright believed space was the essence of architecture. The reality of architecture is actually not in the solid elements that seem to make it, but rather the reality of a room was to be found in the space enclosed by the roof and walls, not in the roof and walls themselves. Spaces have intrinsic meanings that result from their spatial and visible forms and extrinsic meanings that evolved out from each of our different experiences with regards to each individuals own background and profession. We experience the spaces interior space in terms of their form, their structure, their aesthetics and how others and us relate to them. This constitutes the reality of our physical experience, but spaces not only have an existence in reality, they also have a metaphorical existence. They express meaning and give out certain messages about the space, just as the way we dress or furnish our homes gives people certain messages about us. They tell stories, for their forms and space plan ning give us hints about how they should be experienced or perceived. Space is meaningless without its inhabitants to experience it and to experience a space is the only gateway to understanding space. At certain periods architects have chosen to create exciting, complex spaces with curving, undulating walls. The period of the baroque and rococo in Europe was one such time when interiors were designed to entice and captivate the onlooker and draw them into a world of illusion created through painting, sculpture and the curving forms of architecture. Craftsman played the prominent role at that time when only good workmanship and complicated work pieces would amaze anyone. Now in this totally new era, right here in this century, wonders are different and expectations higher with meanings and philosophy equally deep but entirely unlike. The heightening desire and importance of communication among the space and the perceiver with the spatial experience created seem to become a dominating factor and a characteristic of spatial design in this new era. If architecture can be said to have a poetic meaning, we must recognise that what it says is not independent of what it is. (Alberto Pà ©rez-Gà ³mez, The Space of Architecture: Meaning as Presence and Representation, Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture, 2006) Architecture is not an experience that words can translate later. Like the poem itself, it is its space as presence which constitutes the meaning and the experience. This experience in turn differs for every individual. What one perceives is a result of interplays between past experiences, including ones culture and the interpretation of the perceived. Different aspects of the experiential spaces and the perceiver also ignite different spatial perceptions. Understanding the different experiential components, the philosophy of perception and how spatial perception affects and reflects people differently helps us to enhance our appreciation for architecture and to heighten our enjoyment of space. My aim in this paper is to explore this hypothesis and my exposition will be presented and discussed in the following thesis. Categories of different experiential components Spatial experience created is the most complex and diverse of all the components of architecture, for it involves how architecture engages all of our senses, how it shapes our perception and enjoyment or discomfort of our built environment. Understanding this is perhaps the area with which most people, architects and users alike, have difficulty. This is partly because it involves, at every turn, subjective responses which differ from individual to individual. Since the spatial experience we derive from architecture is generated by our perception of it, we must start by considering how the human eye and mind receive and interpret the visual data of architectural experience. How does the psychology of vision and sensory stimulation affect our perception of architecture? Perhaps the most fundamental concept is that the mind, particularly the human mind, is programmed to seek meaning and significance in all sensory information sent to it. The result is that the mind seeks to place all information fed to it into a meaningful pattern. The mind does not recognise that incoming data mean nothing. Even purely random visual or aural phenomena are given a preliminary interpretation by the mind on the basis of what evaluative information it already has stored away. Hence, what we perceive is based on what we already know- our knowledge. Our perception of space also differs from individual to individual, based on the persons psychology, mentality, phy sical state, background, memory, observation and the overall environment together with time Era and Culture. The spatial experience of architectural spaces evolves and becomes established by the experience it provides and we in turn read our experience into it. Experiential spaces evoke an empathetic reaction in us through these projected experiences and the strength of these reactions is determined by our culture, our beliefs and our expectations. We can relate so well to these spaces is because we have strong feelings about our environment and about what we like and dislike. We all have our preferences and prejudices regarding certain spaces as in anything else and our experiences in these spaces determine our attitude towards that space. People looking at pictures have a remarkable ability to enter a role which seems very foreign to them. This can be interpreted into how these experiential spaces play an important role in affecting our mood and behaviour. When we enter these emotive spaces, we are tuned in to the frequency of the space, going through all the emotional processes with it. Architects and designers manipulate space of many kinds: There is first the purely physical space. One cannot see let alone touch space! Yet something that is invisible and untouchable has to be there, just to keep objects apart. This can be easily computed and expressed as how many cubic feet or cubic meters. But there is also perceptual space, the space that can be perceived or seen. To understand this, an example will be in a building with walls of glass, this perceptual space may be extensive and impossible to quantify. Related to perceptual space is conceptual space, which can be defined as the mental map we carry around in our heads, the plan stored in our memory. Concepts that work well are those that users can grasp easily in their minds eye and in which they can perceive with a kind of inevitability. Such spaces can be said to have good conceptual space. The architect also shapes behavioural space, or the space we can actually move through and use. Architecture space is a powerful shaper of behaviour. Winston Churchill said We shape our buildings and afterwards our buildings shape us. One very good example to support this statement is the Houses of Parliament in Germany. When Parliament first begun to meet in the thirteenth century, it had been given the use of rooms in the palace and had later on moved into the palace chapel. A typical narrow and tall Gothic chapel with parallel rows of choir stalls on two sides of the aisle down the center. The members of Parliament sat in the stalls, dividing themselves into two distinctive groups, one the government in power and the other usually the opposition members. During Parliament meetings, members from both parties have to take the brave step of crossing the aisle to change political allegiance. In my opinion, this enforced behaviour has a negative impact on the overall operation of the government bodies as this form of meetings unintentionally made politicians from both sides to feel and sense hostility and unconsciously insinuated the perception of challenge. When the Houses of Parliament had to be rebuilt after a fire in 1834, the Gothic form was followed but Churchill argued that the rebuilding of the Parliament ought to be done with a fan of seats in a broad semicircle, as used in legislative chambers in the United States and France. To change the environment, to give it a different behavioural space, would change the very nature of parliamentary operation. The English had first shaped their architecture, and then that architecture had shaped English government and history. Through Churchills persuasion, the Houses of Parliament were rebuilt with the revised layout. Space can determine or suggest patterns of behaviour and perceptions by its very configuration. There is yet another way of determining spatial experience, and although it is not strictly architectural, architects and designers nevertheless must take it into account. This is personal space, the distance that members of the same species put between themselves. For most animals, this zone of comfort is genetically programmed. However humans have proved themselves to be extremely flexible in their determination of personal space; they seem not to have any programmed genetic spatial code. Instead, humans personal space is culturally determined and is fixed in childhood, so that enforced changes in personal distance later in life which they experience in different spaces may produce different perceptions and emotions. The Italians and the French prefer much more densely packed arrangements in their cafes, compared to the English. Even in the same culture, different sets of rules and factors determining experiences are adopted by men and women. Two unacquainted men will maintain a gr eater distance than two unacquainted women. If an architect or designer violates these unstated rules of personal space and places people in a space that is not catered to these needs, the result may prove to be an environment that is resisted by the users with negative perceptions and responses that follows. Philosophy of Perception Categories of different Perception Historically, the most important philosophical problem posed by perception is the question of how we can gain knowledge via Perception. The philosophy of perception concerns how mental processes the space and the spatial perception depends on how spaces are observed and interpreted by the perceiver. In order to grasp this, we need to understand the different categories of spatial perception. We can categorize perception into 4 categories: Just as one object can give rise to multiple percepts, so an object may fail to give rise to any percept at all. If the percept has no grounding in a persons past experience, the person may literally not perceive it. No perception occurs. Specifications are 1:1 mappings of some aspects of the world into a perceptual array; given such a mapping, no enrichment or experience is required and this perception is called direct perception. This is usually knowledge or information gained through education or other mediums like books, television programmes etc. Direct perception occurs when information from the environment received by our sense organs forms the basis of perceptual experience and these sensory inputs are converted into perceptions of desks and computers, flowers and buildings, cars and planes etc. Some argue that perceptual processes are not direct, but depend on the perceivers expectations and previous knowledge as well as the information available. This controversy is discussed with respect to James J. Gibson (1966) who investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems. This theory of perception is a bottom-up theory and this bottom up processing is also known as data-driven processing or passive perception. Processing is carried out in one direction from the environment to the sensory inputs, with our brains carrying out more complex analysis of the inputs which affects our reaction or behaviour. Passive perception can be surmised as the following sequence of events as: Surrounding input (senses) processing (brain) output (reaction/behaviour) For Gibson: sensation is perception: what you see is what you get. However, this theory cannot explain why perceptions are sometimes inaccurate, example in illusions and perceptual errors like overestimation. Although still supported by main stream philosophers and psychologists, this theory is nowadays losing momentum as more and more people turn to believe in the next one Active Perception instead. The theory of active perception has emerged from extensive research, most notably the works of Richard L. Gregory (1970). This theory is increasingly gaining experimental support. Gregory argued that active perception is a constructivist (indirect) theory of perception which is a top-down theory. Top down processing refers to the use of contextual information in pattern recognition. One simple example to explain this: understanding difficult handwriting is easier when reading complete sentences than when reading single and isolated words. This is because the meanings of the surrounding words provide a context to aid understanding. For Gregory, perception involves making inferences about what we see and trying to make a best guess. Prior knowledge and past experience, he argued are crucial in perception. Thus, active perception can be surmised as a dynamic relationship between Description (in the brain) and the senses and the surrounding, all of which holds true to the linear concept of experience. What one perceives is a result of interplays between ones past experiences and knowledge (the brain) and the surrounding, including ones senses and the interpretation of the perceived space (surrounding). A lot of information reaches the eye, but much is lost by the time it reaches the brain. Therefore the brain has to guess what a person sees based on past experiences. According to Richard Gregory, we actively construct our perception of reality. Our perceptions of the world are hypotheses based on our past experiences and stored information. How Spatial Perception reflects Being The different ways in which we experience a painting, a sculpture, or a work of architecture reflects on each of our individual being. Our environments ( built environments ) are a reflection of ourselves. Architecture should express our aspirations and our sense of optimism about the future. Nothing can possibly show us better or clearer of our innermost self, BEING, other than the very own living space we create. It shows how we want things to be and what we really want in life- freedom, happiness, power, health, luck, love, etc which reveal our characteristics, attitude and most importantly our being. It is also used to express emotions and symbolise ideas that give out certain messages about the owner. What is happening above is actually personalising your own space. This has two meanings to it: One is to personalise it and the other is to personify it. The latter is the main point in this whole essay, the living space representing the person who created it with a hint of the creators being in every corner of the space. This is why we can relate better to our own houses (personal space) than the outside world. But all in all to personalise the space, you personify it and to personify it, what you are doing is simply personalising that living space of yours. This is crucial in understanding the spaces created, the reasons for creating these spaces and how others perceive these spaces (personifying it). This same conception is expressed in Greek columns by a slight outward curvature of profile, the entasis which gives an impression of straining muscles a surprising thing to find in a rigid and unresponsive pillar of stone. This is exactly what happens when we are personifying our own personal space. To personify a thing or the entire space so that it overflows with your being, so that it tastes, smells and feels like you, is so amazingly overpowering over a person who owns it personally. None other than the owner can feel the sense of belonging and comfort created in that amount of space. You own that space and it completely belongs to you, you can even see yourself in that space, you are the space and the space is you. Even civilized people more or less consciously treat lifeless things as though they were imbued with life. Designing one selfs own space to make sure it is unique and truly belongs to you depends very much on your background, interests and expertise. This will make it special and personalised to the person with regards to his or her living space. But nowadays architecture designs are restricted by so call Style and Taste Superficial Cosmetic Professor Colin Stansfield Smith. This problem shows not only how things should be built but also what should be built. Today, in our highly civilized society the houses which ordinary people are doomed to live in and gaze upon are on the whole without quality. This is also why some important buildings are Monuments; some are considered Architecture while others are simply termed buildings. In order to prevent this from happening, we need to have an understanding of the living space. Understanding Living Space does not only mean the way it looks or its construction and materials. Understanding architecture does not mean just the way they look but the creative process of how the building comes into existence and how space is utlized. ¹ We need to visit buildings, look at the processes whereby it came into being, the sense of form, space, light and shade, the size and shape of spaces, the relationship between spaces and how space is utilised. We are looking at the Interior Beings. You must observe how it was designed for a special purpose and how it was attuned to the entire concept and rhythm of a specific era. Architecture provides the physical framework for our lives, so it has a public role a social responsibility. But it is also where we live, work and play, so it has a private role. It has a material form, but it also represents our ideals and aspirations. Consciously or unconsciously everyone is affected by his or her environment. He experiences the house in its reality and in its virtuality, by means of thought and dreams. This can be further explained by using an example. When we look at a portrait of someone laughing or smiling we become cheerful ourselves. If on the other hand, the face is tragic, we feel sad. People looking at pictures have a remarkable ability to enter a role which seems very foreign to them. ¹ This can be interpreted into how architecture plays a vital role in affecting our mood and behaviour. Buildings have their own characteristics and emotions, some buildings are feminine and some are masculine, some buildings are joyous and some are solemn. When we enter these emotive spaces, we are tuned in to the frequency of the buildings, going through all the emotional processes with the architecture. We get to the point where we cannot describe our impressions of an object without treating it as a living thing with its own physiognomy. ¹ This is exceptionally true with architecture as such animation of a building makes it easier to experience its architecture rather than as the addition of many separate technological details. Instead of using professional jargons (architectural vocabulary) that most people do not understand or could not fully understand, causing misunderstanding and confusion when perceiving space, using metaphors to convey certain ideas is so much easier and understandable by people from all professions and social levels. That is one of the many reasons why people like to personify spaces literally. Architecture should be appreciated by everyone from everywhere, which is also another crucial criteria for good architecture as it has a social responsibility once it is erected on the ground. Spatial Perception in the context of ART Whether architecture makes an impression on the observer and what impression it makes, depends not only on the architecture itself but to great extent on the observers susceptibility, his mentality, his education and his entire environment. It also depends on the mood he is in at the moment he is experiencing the architecture. We all have our preferences and prejudices in architecture as in anything else and our experiences determine our attitude towards it. This can be interpreted in the same way like above. The same painting can affect us very differently at different times and that is why it is always so exciting to return to a piece of art work we have seen before to find out whether we still react to it in the same way. This proves that a single building or a specific space can affect us differently, gives us a different feeling each time we experience it again and again. What do you get when you put Art and Building together? Architecture. What do you get when you put Living Space and Architecture together? Living Sculpture. Architecture has been understood as the art of establishing place by bounding space. To distinguish between arts of space and arts of time, between formative and expressive arts, and therefore also between arts of presence and arts of absence. Painting, sculpture and architecture are included among the former, poetry and music among the latter. The most dominant similarity between art and architecture is Art should not be explained; it must be experienced. Architecture is not just simply looking at plans, elevations and sections, there is something more to it it must be experienced, just like art. No photograph, film or video can reproduce the sense of form, space, light and shade, solidity and weight that is gained from visiting buildings. It is not enough to see architecture; you must experience it. You must dwell in the rooms, feel how they close about you and observe how you are naturally led from one room to the other. The most dominant difference between art and architecture is An architect works with forms and mass just as the sculptor does, but his is a functional art. It solves practical problems. In other words, the former has a decisive factor to it: Utility. Indeed, one of the proofs of / criteria for good architecture is that it is being utilized and perceived as the architect or designer had planned, even after a long period of time. We stand before a picture; most sculptures invite us to change our position, perhaps even to walk around them; architecture not only invites us to change our position, but to enter and move around within it. Generalizing, we can say that body and body awareness become more important as we turn from painting to sculpture to architecture. Our experience of sculpture involves the body in a more obvious way than does painting; most sculpture invites us to explore it by moving past it. Robert Morris celebrates the observers relationship to sculpture; his works let observers recognize that they themselves are establishing relationships as they apprehend the object from various positions and under varying conditions of light and spatial context. In a more obvious way, architecture is experienced by the moving body: we approach a building, walk by or around it and perhaps enter it. Architecture is the art into which we walk; it is the art that envelops us. As noted, painters and sculptors af fect our senses and perception by creating changes in patterns, and in proportional relationships between shapes, through the manipulation of light and colour, but only architects shape the space in which we live and through which we move. Architecture Appreciation through Perception Architectural spaces are more than just a stage of our lives; they also reflect the society, the image of an era and most importantly the culture. Therefore the spatial experience provided has become an important factor in the communication of the architecture and the perceiver. The virtue of a successful architecture is based on the language of the experience provided rather than the form itself, which mediated between the perceiver and the space. A successful architecture is also capable of transmitting the philosophy and concepts that the space wants to convey and the experience the space provides is vital in terms of introducing the perceiver to the personality of the space. The spatial experience should be something to be enjoyed and shared by the majority of people. If it is shared more widely because more people understand it, take it seriously; chances are the space has being perceived and appreciated by the public and fulfilled its social responsibility. Enjoyment of space and form is a birthright. This enjoyment can be heightened in two basic ways: through the thoughtful design of buildings and related spaces and through the users development of awareness and perception of architecture. Architecture can be important to the enrichment of life. And after so many years, architects and designers are still learning how users interact with space and form and how skilfully designed space and form respond to human needs. Scenario: Two men attend a concert. One studied music. Has a trained ear. Spent years developing a high degree of music appreciation. Loves great works of great composers. This concert is heaven to him. To the other man, the concert is a bore. He has had little exposure to serious music. No real knowledge of music. Never learned to listen and does not even know that he has been deprived of the pleasure of fine music. He can hardly wait until the concert is over During intermission, the same two people react very differently as they walk around and within the concert building experiencing its space and form. Now the music lover is bored. He knows almost nothing about buildings. He is visually illiterate. The other person, however, has spent years developing an appreciation of buildings. He has a trained eye. He derives pleasure from the quality of space and form of the great hall. He is stirred to maximum enjoyment. To him, architecture is visual music. The term architecture appreciation is used to promote the idea that architecture can be enjoyed, much as the performing or visual arts, physically through the senses. Architecture appreciation, like music appreciation or art appreciation is learned. In music, it is learning how to hear. In art, how to see. In the case of architecture, it is learning how to perceive. Enjoying buildings requires some knowledge and some practice in perceiving space and form. You need to know something about buildings, you need to hone your awareness and you need to know something about yourself too. How do you respond to space and form? Architecture is a personal, enjoyable, necessary experience. A person perceives and appreciates space and form from three distinctly different but interrelated attitudes: from the physical, from the emotional, and from the intellectual. The architecture experience evokes a response which fulfils physical, emotional, and intellectual needs, effecting an enjoyable interaction between the person and the building. Space perception is happening everywhere, anytime. Wherever people are, there are buildings. Where buildings are, there are spatial experience. Appreciation of the works of creative architects and designers demands creativity from our part. Through accumulated experience and knowledge we design our own appreciation and experience. References Frank D.K Ching, 2007, Architecture: Form, Space Order, John Wiley Sons Inc. , Hoboken, New Jersey Morris Hicky Morgan, 1960, The Ten books of architecture, Dover Publications, New York Panayotis Tournikiotis, 1965, The Historiography of Modern Architecture, Faber Faber, London, Chapter Six: Architecture, Time Past, and Time Future, pg 181 Pierre Von Mesis, 1998, Elements of Architecture: From Form to Place, E F Spon, New York, Chapter 4, Measure and Balance, pp 57-72 Thomas Gordon Smith, 2003, Vitruvius on Architecture, Monacelli Press, New York Steen Eiler Rasmussen, 1959, Experiencing Architecture, Chapman Hall Hazel Conway and Rowan Roenisch, 2005, Understanding Architecture An introduction to architecture and architectural history, London ; New York : Routledge Christopher Alexander, 1979, The Timeless Way of Building, Oxford University Press, New York Malcolm Quantrill Bruce Webb, 1991, Constancy and Change in Architecture, College Station, Texas AM University Press. Leland M.Roth, 2007, Understanding Architecture: Its elements, history and meaning, Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press. William Wayne Caudill, 1978, Architecture and You How to experience and enjoy Buildings, New York : Whitney Library of Design Steven Holl, 1949, Questions of Perception Phenomenology of Architecture, Tokyo : San Francisco : a+u Pub. ; William Stout Gaston Bachelard, 1994, The Poetics of Space, Boston, Mass. : Beacon Press

Futsal

Phone +60 019-3058338 Fax +60 089-885378 Email: [email  protected] com TABLE OF CONTENTS2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY3 THE BUSINESS DESCRIPTION4 MARKET ANALYSIS4 VISION STATEMENT5 VISION TRIGGER5 MISSION STATEMENT5 BUSINESS OBJECTIVES6 BUSINESS OPERATIONS6 MARKETING6 Product6 Price6 Place7 Promotion7 COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS8 LEGAL STRUCTURE8 MANAGEMENT EXPERTISE8 SUPPORT PERSONNEL8 FINANCIAL INFORMATION9 SUMMARY12 TABLE AND EXHIBITS Table 1 – 12 Month and 3-year Sales Forecasts and Related Promotional Costs7 Exhibit 1 – One Year Cash flow Projection _________________________10Exhibit 2 – Why Play Futsal 13 Exhibit 3 – The Pitch-Measurements and Size15 Exhibit 4 – Equipments Supplier and Installer _______________________16 Exhibit 5 – Example Pictures of a Futsal Court______________________17 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this business plan is to setup an Indoor Football Court or its familiar name known as Futsal. The business will be owned by K. H Le e and three other partners and will be located in leased space that has a radius of 1 kilometre from the town of Lahad Datu. The owner will provide with the land at an agreed rental paid on a monthly basis for 10 years.The business will serve as the first Indoor football court to the generally upscale target market of Lahad Datu. Based on the financial and competitive analysis presented in this plan, LD de Futsal will be successful. The cash flow projection, Exhibit 4, One-Year Cash Flow Projection, indicates break-even analysis including the shareholder’s draw of RM30, 000 for the first year of operations. It is anticipated that LD de Futsal will become firmly established and known throughout the East Coast area in the next three years with the potential of multiple locations.The LD de Futsal distinctive logo, its reputation for an Indoor football atmosphere, plus its slogan, â€Å"The Ultimate Indoor Football Experience! † will provide a distinctive competitive edge. The Initiator, K. H Lee has founded two highly successful businesses in the East Coast area. The initiator holds a graduate Management Technology degree from the School of Management, Malaysia Technology University, Malaysia. THE BUSINESS DESCRIPTION LD de Futsal will be a start-up Indoor Football located in leased space within a radius of 1 kilometer from Lahad Datu Town. A ninety-day option has been taken on this location.The estimated opening date is July 2008. K. H Lee, who has founded two highly successful businesses in the area, during the last 3 years, will own the business with three other partners as a partnership. Each of his business, Lee Kim Huat reached its break-even point within a year. LD de Futsal will be an upscale court which is the first in town and with new flooring technology never to be used by other Futsal Court at a very reasonable price. LD de Futsal will be successful because it is based on solid market research demonstrating there is a demand for a Futsa l Court in Lahad Datu.It will be located in the most desirable area, and the owner has a five-year track record of proven success. As the first Indoor Football court, no doubt it will be a success if managed by the right individuals. MARKET ANALYSIS Futsal has its roots in South America but has spread to around 100 countries. It is the only indoor soccer game recognized by FIFA, the international soccer governing body. The USFF estimates more than 70,000 play Futsal in the United States. In Malaysia, Futsal facilities have grown like mushrooms and the businesses have very positive prospects and are selling like ‘hot breads’.Verbal survey on this business shows that the trend of youngsters with love in football has driven them as far as to Sandakan and Tawau just for this 60 minutes Futsal Game. There is a very big and untapped market for Indoor Football in East Cost generally and the district of Lahad Datu specifically. VISION STATEMENT In three years, LD de Futsal will be established and known throughout the East Coast area and expansion plans from two courts to five courts will be in the planning stages. We focus on providing superb facilities at value for money prices. Together with our customer orientated service, we strive to serve you our customer better.We are truly The Ultimate Indoor Soccer Experience! To represent and serve all FUTSAL Fans with emphasis on succeeding to be a profitable business. VISION TRIGGER The main vision trigger will be the catchy slogan: â€Å"The Ultimate Indoor Football Experience! † The vision trigger will emphasize a fun, family atmosphere that people of all ages and sexes can enjoy. This will include quality customer service, our standard football court with latest floorings and nettings technology, and a selection of food and drinks to meet the needs of individual customers. MISSION STATEMENT LD de Futsal’s mission is presented below:We, the employees and management of LD de Futsal, make this pl edge to you, our valued customers: We pledge that we will provide an Indoor football experience in a prompt and friendly manner. We pledge that we will at our best prepare this place for the ultimate Indoor football experience that meet the standards of football for the district of Lahad Datu and the state of Sabah. We pledge that we will be good citizens, respectful of the environment, and friendly neighbors to the surrounding businesses. We pledge to put safety a high priority so you can visit with friends or family with peace of mind.We pledge that we will be responsive to your suggestions and concerns. BUSINESS OBJECTIVES LD de Futsal’s will have these business objectives during the first two years of operation: 1. Owners draw of RM30, 000 by the end of Year 1. 2. Cash break-even by the end of Year 2. 3. Owners draw of RM50, 000 by the end of Year 2. BUSINESS OPERATIONS The operations of LD de Futsal will be described using the main functions of the business: marketing, c ompetitive analysis, legal structure, management expertise, support personnel, and financial information.MARKETING Product -Futsal Court for a 60 minute game. -Drinks and snacks to cater for our customer’s need. -Sports items such as jersey’s and Indoor Football gears. Price A comprehensive survey was made based on other Indoor football court, the price for a 60 minute game ranges from RM80 to RM 120 depending on the size of the court. For the starting of this business, we are planning to setup a medium size court in which a 60 minute game will cost RM90. This is a very reasonable price in which for a full game, an individual will only have to pay RM6. 0 per/person (considering a team consist of 7 players). Place The place, which has a radius of 1 kilometer from the main town of Lahad Datu, is the most ideal place and most strategic for now and the future. Reason being is that we can save on marketing as the location which is located by the main roadside will be a mark eting point itself and in the same time, incase of any other competitor in the future, we are by far a better location. Study has also shown that population growth has been steadily increasing in Lahad Datu.By setting up our business in the radius of 1 kilometer area from the town, it is much easier for individuals to locate and skip all the traffic after working hours. Promotion LD de Futsal will be promoted with a variety of marketing methods: A grand opening will be held with a local Band providing the music and entertainment. LD de Futsal will hold their 1st free court introduction where teams can register and play for free for 1 hour on the opening ceremony day and offer free drinks to players and guests. One and three-year sales forecasts are presented in Table 1 together with anticipated promotional costs.TABLE 1 12 month and 3-year Sales Forecasts and Related Promotional Costs Years Sales Revenue Promotion One 252,000 4,000 Two 324,000 6,000 Three 360,00010,000 COMPETITIVE A NALYSIS The prospective initiator decided not to conduct a personal survey to obtain the information regarding the competitive analysis due to there is no Futsal court yet in the district of Lahad Datu and there is no serious competition from competitior at the time of this planning. LEGAL STRUCTURELD de Futsal will be operated as a partnership owned by K. H Lee and 3 other partners. MANAGEMENT EXPERTISE The initiator has been involved in setting up a lot of businesses in which the end result aims are to be a profitable business in the shortest and fastest way. His father is a very well-known Entrepreneur and he has traveled around with him to many different countries. He has grown up around the East Coast and has a good track record in all education, sports and business. The initiator holds a graduate Management Technology degree from the School of Management, Malaysia Technology University, Malaysia.K. H Lee has been involved in many sports activities and was once a state player f or Badminton and Basketball. K. H Lee’s extensive business activities have used several reputable Lahad Datu professionals who provide services to the business. SUPPORT PERSONNEL The business will operate using either family, sports enthusiasts and high school students as its principal employees to reflect a youthful, family oriented image consistent with its vision trigger. The manager will be from the initiator’s family member who has vast experience dealing with sports and the people of Lahad Datu.Employees will receive advices and gather for short meetings from time to time to help job performance and politeness. The majority of the employees will be family who will work part-time with a full-time manager. Three students will also be hired on a part-time basis depending on the needs of the daily operations. Student employees will work for RM5 per/hour and initially with an opportunity for pay increases. A policy of promotion from within will be adopted. FINANCIAL I NFORMATION FINANCIAL OBJECTIVES The following objectives are for the first two years of LD de Futsal: 1. Owner draws RM30, 000 by the end of Year 1. . Cash break-even by the end of Year 2. 3. Owner draws RM50, 000 by the end of Year 2. One-Year Cash Flow Projections The items in Exhibit 4, One-Year Cash Flow Projection, have been arranged in a specific way: sources of cash (cash receipts), cash needed to purchase assets (equipment), cash needed to pay expenses (rent), cash needed to pay liabilities (payroll taxes), and owner’s draw. SOURCES OF CASH 1. Personal Funds. The owner will invest RM 50, 000 into the business. 2. Loan Proceeds. The owner will borrow RM50, 000 from the Bank as a five-year revolving line of credit at 8. %. Interest will be charged only on the amount actually borrowed with principal payments of RM8, 000. This information was provided by one of the leading bank in Malaysia 3. Cash Receipts from Business. RM15, 000 in cash receipts net of sales taxes is es timated monthly. This projection involves court hiring, soft drinks and purchase of sports gear. This is a very conservative estimate of cash receipts. A 3 year experienced Futsal business manager estimates that the industry average cash flow for a start-up Futsal court is RM8, 000 monthly. EXHIBIT 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |One-Year Cash Flow Projection | | | | | | | | | | | |Sources of cash | | | | | | | |1.Funds (Owners) | | | | | 320,000 | | |2. Loan Proceeds | | | | |- | | |3.Cash Receipts from Business (Gross) | |252,000 | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Sources | | | | |572,000 | | | | | | | | | | |Uses of Cash | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |4.Equipment/Supplies | | | |70, 000 | | |5. Vehicle Purchase/Lease | | | | – | | |6. Real Estate | | | | | – | | |7. Fixtures | | | | |200,000 | | |8. Security Deposits (Rent and Utility) | |15,000 | | |9.Signs | | | | | |5,000 | | |10. Leasehold Improvements | | |- | | |11. Cost of Goods Sold | | | | 12,000 | | |12. Telephone and Utilities | | | | 24,000 | | |13. Rent | | | | | |60,000 | | |14.Business License Fee | | | |25 | | |15. Insurance Premiums | | | |5,000 | | |16. Office Supplies | | | |1,000 | | |17. Legal and Accounting | | | |800 | | |18. Advertising | | | | |2,000 | | |19.Real Estate Taxes | | | |- | | |20. Miscellaneous Expenses | | |1,000 | | |21. Payroll Taxes and Benefits | | |20,000 | | |22. Payroll Wages (Excluding Withholdings) | |14,400 | | |23. Loan Payments (Principal and Interest) | |- | | |24.Owners Draw | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total Uses | | | | |430,225 | | | | | | | | | | |Net Cash Flow for the Year (Sources Minus Uses) | |141,775 | USES OF CASH 4. Equipment/Supplies. Basic equipment cost is estimated to be RM140, 000. This includes counters, refrigerators, nettings and floorings installation. A well known equipment supplier supplied this information. 5. Fixtures. Fixture costs will total RM200, 000 based on an estimate from Stadio de Futsal,Tawau . These costs will include the building setup, purchasing tables, chairs, and all removable service items. 6. Security Deposits. Security and other deposits will include RM10, 000 for lease-related deposits and RM5, 000 for a month rental for a total of RM15, 000. 7. Signs.LD de Futsal will have two giant signs, one posted on the front of the building and the other near the road. The signs and installation will cost RM5, 000 according to Springville Sign Store. 8. Cost of Goods Sold. Cost of goods sold is based on the sales projection of $180,000 and is estimated to be an average of 35% of sales totaling $63,000. A 12 year veteran Mexican restaurant owner in Springville provided this information. 9. Telephone and Utilities. Lahad Datu District Council, Electric, and Telephone Company estimates telephone and other utilities at RM1, 200/month for an annual total of RM24, 000. 10. Lease Expense. The first three months are rent-free.There will be a maintenance fee of RM500/month for com mon areas and rent is based on /sq. ft. of the building space. Rent totals RM60, 000, with RM5, 000 payments monthly. 11. Business License Fee. This business license fee based on business revenue (2. 5% of gross revenue) will be RM25 (License and Permits Office, Lahad Datu). 12. Insurance Premiums. An ordinary Insurance Agency based in Lahad Datu, estimated annual premiums at RM5, 000. This will cover theft, fire, accident, workman’s compensation, and all other types of insurance. 16. Office Expense. This item includes all office-related expenses including copying and paper supplies. The owner will perform all of the office duties.Total is estimated at RM1, 000 annually based on the initiator’s previous experience. 17. Legal and Accounting. A friend that practices law and is currently working with a law firm will provide basic bookkeeping, accounting, and legal services. She has a bookkeeping subsidiary, Business Bookkeeping that specializes in low cost bookkeeping. Th is friend of mine will be engaged for the bookkeeping providing tax preparation and other professional services. The total estimated annual cost is RM800 18. Advertising and Promotion. RM2, 000 will be allocated to the advertising campaign. This firm will advertise by using flyers, newspapers, banners and bunting. 9. Miscellaneous Expenses. RM1, 000 has been estimated for miscellaneous expenses based on information provided by a Futsal Court owner. 20. Payroll Taxes and Benefits. These total RM20, 000. Fifteen percent of wages include EPF, SOCSO, COLA and manager benefits. 21. Payroll. Wages total RM14, 400. This total includes 350 workdays, with 3 employees working 5 hours a day at $6. 00. The manager will work 8-hour days and be paid $11. 00 per hour. Payroll includes manager’s annual salary, employer taxes, unemployment insurance, and worker’s compensation, but does not include withholdings. SUMMARY Compadre’s Mexican Restaurant will be successful.The busines s plan has documented that the establishment of Compadre's Mexican Restaurant is feasible. All the critical factors such as industry trends, marketing analysis, competitive analysis, management expertise, and financial analysis support this conclusion. We invite you to attend our grand opening. Go to â€Å"Compadre’s – where we know your name! † EXHIBIT 2 Why Play Futsal? †¢ Fun – Players enjoy the challenge of playing a fast paced skill oriented game that tests their abilities. †¢ Safety – Futsal is much safer than traditional indoor soccer. Indoor soccer can be a violent game with extremely physical play such as players being â€Å"boarded† into the walls. The rules of Futsal restrict physical play, and there are no walls to run into. Ball Touches – In a statistical study comparing Futsal to indoor soccer with walls, Futsal players touched the ball 210% more often than indoor soccer players. †¢ Ball Control – W ith Futsal, the emphasis is clearly on control and technique. Without control and technique you cannot expect to succeed in Futsal. With limited space, boundary lines, and constant opponent pressure, improved ball control skills are required. †¢ Speed of Play – With limited space and constant opponent pressure, players learn to play fast to survive. †¢ Continuity of Play – Action is continuous so players are forced to continue play in support of their teammates. †¢ Mandatory Support – Without a wall as a crutch, players must make supporting runs when their teammates have the ball.With only 4 field players on the field and always needing the proper support positions offensively and defensively, a player will instinctively learn better spacing, passing and general tactics from playing Futsal. Players without the ball must move to space and must truly support their teammates. †¢ Framing the Goal – The goal and Penalty Area are a perfect s ize for narrowing the angle so teams learn to frame the goal to score goals. †¢ Knowledge – With four court players and all the basic options of the outdoor game, players’ understanding of the game is enhanced. †¢ Encouraged Learning – The rules of Futsal encourage playing a skilled game by punishing all physical contact fouls. Rewards – Futsal rewards the same basic skills, tactics and knowledge of the game as the 11v11 outdoor game. †¢ Cost – Many people think the cost of indoor soccer is expensive, but when compared to other activities it is actually quite reasonable. Depending on the number of players, the average cost per player for a night of soccer is around RM7-RM8. Compare this to going for badminton which the cost of two shuttlecocks has already exceeds RM8, or even to the movies along with the customary snack and drink, the price is very reasonable and healthier. EXHIBIT 3 THE PITCH The pitch and appurtenances are shown in the following illustration: EXHIBIT 4 EQUIPMENTS 1- NETTINGS 2- FLOORINGS WR Flooring specializes in sports flooring such as tennis, Futsal, adminton, running tracks, squash court, gym room and other indoor and outdoor sports. WR flooring has been developed to give customers the best quality and warranty possible for sports flooring. The company is confident of giving the best product and services to cater for the need of a good sports environment. EXHIBIT 5 EXAMPLE OF FUTSAL COURTS (Courtesy of Sports Planet) Main entrance (Side Picture) Inside The Futsal Court Simple Structure for One Court (Beams and Floorings) A view of the Courts with side nettings Cafe for the thirsty players & registration counter Walkways for viewers and players An example of a game that’s on going A side view of the court with special floorings specifically for indoor football